Espalier is a specialized pruning technique that has been around for centuries. The intent is to keep a plant (most often a fruit tree) trained almost flat, existing in two dimensions – height and width – rather than three. This vastly reduces the garden real estate needed and is very similar to the technique used to grow vines for grape production.
In tight spaces, or production situations, espalier keeps the plant controlled in size while still offering a good harvest of the fruit in question. By pruning out vigorous vertical growth, the plant puts its energy into the shorter lateral branches that bear fruit, providing a better yield than on an ordinary tree. This type of pruning improves air circulation through the foliage and the compact size makes disease and insect control easier and harvesting more manageable.
Espalier is usually done against a wall, which takes advantage of the protection and heat thrown off but can also be done using a trellis or other structure. The tree branches are tied into heavy wire supports, bamboo or other materials, and are held about one foot away from a wall.
Espalier pruning can be performed to result in specific formal patterns. Plants with tiers have multiple levels of horizontal branches creating what’s known as a cordon. Branches can also be trained into fan shapes, candelabras, even basket weave or diamond patterns.
Training must begin soon after the young tree is planted. Main training is carried out one a year, and monthly trimming done throughout the growing season.
At the CKE Community Gardens, we have planted two pear trees that we will be starting to espalier this season. Stop by to take a look – maybe and espaliered fruit tree would be ideal for your own yard.
Happy Gardening!
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